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ADHD UK Medication ADHD medication are controlled and are prescribed by a specialist physician. These are referred to as stimulants and include the family of methylphenidates (Ritalin, Concerta etc) amphetamine salts as well as atomoxetine. Other non-medical treatments such as talk therapy are also suggested. While medications can help manage symptoms, they cannot change negative coping mechanisms. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is the most frequently prescribed ADHD medication in the UK. It is also prescribed for narcolepsy, and other mental disorders. It is available in immediate-release tablets and extended-release capsules. The extended-release capsules dissolve slower and have a longer-lasting effect. It is prescribed for a short duration and the dosage is determined by the individual's symptoms. In general, stimulant medications increase activity in brain regions that control attention and behavior. They are often referred to as “cognitive enhancers”, and they help people focus, pay attention and remain on task. Methylphenidate stimulates the activity of brain regions that are underactive in ADHD patients. It also functions as a central nervous system stimulant, and can enhance the way your body uses energy. It is sold under the brand name Ritalin. A recent study revealed that the UK has witnessed an eight-fold increase in prescriptions for methylphenidate over the last two decades. This is an important health issue for the public and suggests that there could be overdiagnosis of ADHD in the UK. Researchers looked at information from the Clinical Practice Research Database, which contains information on all NHS patients who were registered in England with a GP from 1992 to 2013. The study focuses on drugs that have been approved by the British National Formulary for ADHD and classified as CNS stimulants. This includes atomoxetine, methylphenidate (including immediate-release methylphenidate and extended release methylphenidate) dexamphetamine, and its derivative lisdexamfetamine as well as modafinil. Pemoline, which is no longer available in the UK due to liver toxicities, was excluded from the study. Researchers have found that methylphenidate is the most commonly prescribed medication for children aged 5 and younger. About a quarter of children have been prescribed this medication. This is in spite of the fact that National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines recommend that medication should only be used as a the first line treatment for children who have severe symptoms of ADHD. They also recommend parents to consider psychological intervention instead. The results suggest that the increase in methylphenidate prescriptions could be partly due to the availability and accessibility of mental health services. However it could also be due to an increased awareness of ADHD among young people as well as an increased willingness to seek treatment and diagnosis. In addition there could be instances of unintentional prescribing of methylphenidate for adolescents and young adults. Atomoxetine Atomoxetine is a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat ADHD in children and adolescents. It is also used to treat comorbid symptoms of anxiety. It isn't a stimulant, and has a low risk of abuse. It has been proven effective in clinical studies and is a great option for children that have not responded well to stimulants. However, the long-term safety of atomoxetine isn't yet known. Atomoxetine acts differently from other ADHD medications for ADHD. It raises the levels of a chemical that is present in the brain called noradrenaline. This chemical is responsible for transmitting messages between nerve cell and increasing its level can increase concentration and control impulses. It comes in capsule form, and is taken one each day. The medication is usually taken in combination with other treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy, psychological therapy and educational assistance. In one study, atomoxetine proved to be more effective than placebo in improving ADHD symptoms. This drug is also well-tolerated and has less risk of adverse effects than stimulants, especially in children. A recent study on cost-effectiveness showed that treatment algorithms that used atomoxetine as the initial drug were cheaper than those that used dexamfetamine or methylphenidate. This drug has been linked to a number of serious side effects, like suicidal thoughts. If your child experiences these symptoms, speak to a doctor right away. A lot of medicines such as monoamine inhibitors of oxidase (MAOIs), like phenelzine, can interact with atomoxetine. If your child is taking MAOIs consult your physician for an alternative. Some people may suffer from stomach pain, fatigue, or a loss in appetite. These side effects can be severe or mild, dependent on the person. Atomoxetine is associated with a serious, but rare condition called hepatic dysfunction, which can lead to liver failure. This could be fatal in a few instances. It is essential to speak with your physician if you've had liver problems or any other health issues in the past. Inform your doctor about all the medications you take such as supplements and herbal remedies. This includes prescription and non-prescription medicines such as vitamins, minerals, and vitamins. It is essential to inform your doctor if taking any other ADHD medications, like methylphenidate or lisdexamfetamine. You should also inform your doctor if you or your child are pregnant, breastfeeding, or planning to become pregnant. Dexamfetamine Dexamfetamine is a stimulant and is used to treat ADHD among adults. It can help improve concentration and focus, reduce impulsive behaviour and improve mood. It is available in a capsule, a solution or orally. It is important to take it regularly and in the manner recommended by your physician. If you take too much or stop taking abruptly could cause problems. It is not recommended to drive or operate machines if you take this medication. Also, you should not carry the medication around without a prescription. Always carry evidence that you have been prescribed it. You should carry your medication to school or at work in case you need it during the course of your day. Dexamfetamine is to be used with caution in patients with epilepsy, because it may lower the threshold for convulsions. It should not be used in patients who have an underlying cardiac or blood vessel disorders, such as coronary heart disease or high blood pressure. It is not recommended to use during pregnancy or breastfeeding. It is excreted from breast milk, so it poses a risk for the baby. If the symptoms of ADHD get worse, a check-up with the physician is recommended. This can help to establish whether the condition is being controlled by medication and whether the medicines are suitable. This will allow the doctor who prescribes to modify dosages or change treatments if necessary. A doctor will start the patient with a lower dosage and gradually increase it to ensure they are getting the correct level of medication. It is a good idea to take your tablets at the same time every day, usually with food. This will make it easier to remember to take them and decrease the chances of not taking your doses. Psychoeducation and therapy may be beneficial for people with ADHD in addition to medication. This can help children as well as adults learn to cope with their condition. Therapy can also assist them in managing other issues, like depression or anxiety. Psychoeducation is a mix of educational material and support from an experienced professional, while therapeutic therapies can be behavioural or cognitive. Modafinil Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting prescription drug that reduces extreme sleepiness that accompanies conditions such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and shift work sleep disorder. Modafinil is available off-label for people who are more than 18 years old to treat the symptoms of ADHD. It is not a prescription drug for such use and should be used only under the supervision of a physician. It is available only with a prescription and should be stored in a secure location away from children. It is important to follow the directions on the prescription label and ask your pharmacist or doctor to explain any aspect of the medication you are unable to comprehend. add adhd medications describes Modafinil as an anti-sleep central nervous system stimulant. Modafinil is prescribed to treat the condition of narcolepsy. It is extensively used by people suffering from Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis and fatigue caused by sleep apnea/hypopnea as well as shift work. It is also a popular choice for students, executives and military personnel who need to remain alert. A recent survey of UK students revealed that one in five students have taken an “smart drug” to help them concentrate during exams. Jack Rivlin, 24, editor of student paper The Tab in Farringdon, London and told BBC Newsbeat that he had bought modafinil on an offshore website for PS130 last term to aid in his revision. While he says he doesn't believe that modafinil makes him smarter, he admits it has helped him to keep up with his class notes and pass his exam. It is important to remember that these drugs aren't magic bullets and they can cause serious side effects. In addition to its wakefulness-promoting effects, modafinil can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems in some patients, especially those with heart disease. Modafinil can also interact with certain medications, such as antidepressants as well as sedatives. It is also possible to become dependent on the drug and experience withdrawal symptoms if it's suddenly discontinued. Modafinil, like methylphenidate or atomoxetine, is categorized as a class B drug. This means that it is illegal to distribute, possess or sell. If you're caught, you may face up to five years in prison.